Concluding remarks

A. Articulating experience

A1. The problem of "common sense"

Example:
「可能香港人早便對消費主義下的購物模式感到習慣，於是其買賣的過程是急速而又不加思索的。每當有一樣新的物品出現，人們便會產生害怕『蝕底』的心態，又或者怕了比人慢一步的感覺。」

「... ...在百貨公司，當理貨員開新的生果箱子時，如橙、西瓜和蘋果等，總會有很多人蜂擁而上，從箱子中找出自己所要貨品。他們多數都不理會大家，好像搶東西 似的。並且，有很多人最初根本不打算購物，可是當她們見到一堆人時，她們便會加入戰團。這便是『羊群心理』。」

-Not specific enough (who? buy what? where? how? what's the feeling of people?)
-Over-generalization (people are not crazy about everything)

A2. The description is not "thick" enough

「一天，我如常地前往屋企附近的一間大型連所（鎖）超級市場（百佳）購買零食... ...」

Why/when did he want to buy snacks? In what way is supermarket integrated into his way of life?


「另 一種在七仔消費的重要經驗，是hea。繼續講買早餐；有時上課前趕不上買，也可以放"break"時斯斯然的落去買，順便可以在那緊湊的一角裡趕急的 hea一陣子，看看當天的頭條，也看看雜誌封面，再同身邊的男同學說句：『嘩，使唔使咁大波呀？』接著快快離去上課，實在過癮。」


*Try to deliver your message in mental images.

A3. Without any focus
-What point(s) do you want to make in this article?

A4. The internal structure is not strong enough

Example: my collection

-Sticker
-stamp
-Miriam Yeung

What are the relatioinships between these three types of collection?

B. Analysis

B1. Too moralistic but not analytical enough

"As said before, clothes is unquestionable a business product and therefore is carefully designed by the capitalist in order to exploit peoples. ... ..."

What did the author mean by "exploit people"?

「... ...大集團的勢力是多麼恐怖啊！對於供應商來說，他們就有如恐怖份子，不斷剝削，壓搾他們。」

Is "terrorist" a good metaphor for big corporations?
Is "terrorist" related to "exploitation"?

B2. Human agency
-Try to avoid determinism
-Try to put human action in situation, institution and context.
-Example: 「羊群心理」

Appendix: Some references

1. Cultural Theory
Storey, John 2001. Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction. NY: Prentice Hall.

2. Cultural studies in Hong Kong
吳俊雄、張志偉編 2002《閱讀香港普及文化1970-2000》香港：牛津大學出版社。
馬國明1998《路邊政治經濟學》香港：曙光圖書公司。

3. Media
林宇玲2004《媒體識讀：一個批判的開始》台北：正中書局。
甯應斌2005《身體政治與媒體批判》台北：巨流。

4. Gender
何春蕤 1994 《豪爽女人 : 女性主義與性解放》台北：皇冠文化。
畢恒達2004《空間就是性別》台北：心靈工坊。

5. History
王宏志 2000《歷史的沉重：從香港看中國大陸的香港史論述》香港：牛津大學出版社。
蔡榮芳2001《香港人之香港史, 1841-1945》香港：牛津大學出版社。

5. Novel
Orwell, George Down and Out in Paris and London
張大春1992 《少年大頭春的生活週記》台北：聯合文學。
張大春1993《我妹妹》台北：聯合文學。
韓少功1996《馬橋詞典》北京：作家出版社。

[Week 12: Nov 18] C2. Discourse analysis

1.Michel Foucault (1926-1984)
1.1. Reflection upon the Enlightenment and rational subject
1.2. Critique of historical evolution: history is characterized by discontinuity
1.3. Beyond structuralism: Structures are in dispersion
1.4. Knowledge: Archaeology （考古學）and genealogy（系譜學）
1.5. Power/knowledge
1.6. Foucaultian question:
Under what conditions did a category (madness, patient's body, criminal, ... ...) come to be the object of modern knowledge and institutional regulation?

2.Discourse
2.1.Discourse（論述／對詰）:
A group of statements that belong to a single system of formation.
2.2. Statement as functions rather than structural elements
Statement "cuts across a domain of structures and possible unities, and... .. reveals them, with concrete contents, in time and space."
Example: Biological statement- “Breast-feeding is the (animal) nature of woman”
Gender stereotype- "Women are born to play the role of nurturing human.”
Political statement- ”Woman and her breast are symbol of nation and people”



2.3.Discursive formation(論述構成):The dispersal process of statements and their regularities

2.4.Discourse analysis(論述分析): Study of the conditions of discursive formation

2.4.1. Defining the objects
2.4.2. Constructing the subject position
2.4.3. Focusing discourse as practice
2.4.4. Exploring the relationship between discourses
2.4.5. Identifying unities of discourse　
2.4.6. Identifying power relationships

2.4.5. Example: Edward Said's "Orientalism"
-Object: The Arabians and their countries were seen as "the Orient"
-Subject position: the knowing subject of the West
-Academic study, colonialism and imperialism
-Oriental studies and imperialist discourses
-Culture and power

3.Institution
3.1. His works:
-The Order of Things: The emergence of modern human sciences
-Madness and Civilization (Histoire de la Folie): How were mad people confined to institutions of mental hospital? (e.g. psychiatry)
-The Birth of the Clinic: How did patients' body become an object under the medical gaze?
-Discipline and Punishment: Why should wrongdoers be punished by disciplinary institution?

3.2.Power
-Power in relations
-Power is positive or productive: Enabling something to happen
-Power is micro-mechanisms
-Power is impersonal and institutional

4. Example I: "Youth problem"

4.1. Question: Under what conditions did "hiding youth" become a kind of social problem?

4.2. Defining object: From rebellious or "anti-social" youth (the 1960s)-->"hiding" youth

4.2. Subject positions
The 1960s: Colonial government, educator, ...
The 2000s: Social worker, educator, family...

4.3. Discourse as practice
The 1960s: The birth of professional "youth services" and social workers
The 2000s: The transformation in the sector of social services
-The flexibility and pressure of "one-line budget"
- Social services become more and more piecemeal, short-term and project-based
Examples:
香港基督教服務處「有網能量」青年導航及發展中心
香港青年協會「香港青年創業計劃」
扶貧委員會「歷奇試驗計劃」

4.4. Relationship between discourses
The 1960s: Colonial political discourse of social management and social-psychological pathology (social workers)
The 2000s:
-Discourse on Family as a unit of social control
-Discourses perpetuated by techno-phobia
-Managerial discourse on youth employment (Associate Degree, Youth Pre-employment Training Program, ... .. )
-The connections between discourses around the world
”隱蔽青年”(Hong Kong)--”引籠少年”（Hikikomori, Japan）--NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training)

References for analysis:
"隱蔽青年" in Wikipedia
誰算是隱蔽青年？當社會充滿矛盾時
隱蔽青年是全球問題

References
邵家臻／你隱閉，我隱樣
文化精英暢論隱蔽青年
許寶強／為何要針對青少年？
釐清隱蔽青年的問題
葉蔭聰／「隱蔽」的香港

4.4. A new mode of institutional complex and power
-Social services sector:
From a highly government subsidized sector to a multiple and expanded network of social control
-Power:
From professional gaze upon youth in public-->multiple gazes upon youth's life styles or ways of life
Integration of youth into labor force and formal education-->Developing multiple disciplinary institutions

[Week 11: Nov 11] C1. Analysis of Cultural Industries

0. Ideologies in industry
0.1. Ideologies work in where?
0.2. Ideologies work in media production and organization
0.3. Ideologies do not simply exist in our mind, in our habit, in our human relationship, but also in institution.
0.4. Critique of "market determinism":
-Cultural products are not determined by consumer., they are produced by media!!

1. Frankfurt school: Critique of Culture industry

1.1. T. W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer

1.2. They were concerned with the intersections between technology, the culture industries, and the economic situation in contemporary societies.

1.3. Neo-Marxist questions:
1.3.1. Why did the working class accept the capitalist domination?
1.3.2. Why was the revolutionary consciousness of the working class in decline?

1.4. Culture industry
-Technologically advanced
-Commodification
-Standardization
-Massification

1.5. The ideological function of culture industry
-Eliminating individuality
-Reproduction of dominant ideology
-Integrating the working class into the capitalist way of life and values system

The Frankfurt School and British Cultural Studies (Douglas Kellner)
文化工業理論

2. Analyzing media production: Routine practices (Raymond Williams)

2.1. Not creation but factory-like production (Individuality is eliminated)

2.2. Pressure of time

2.3. Hardly have room and time for negotiation

2.4. Replication of mainstream language and ideas

2.5. Superficial meanings rather than deep understanding

2.6. A cultural form produced by media giant and technology

2.7. Methods: ethnographic research and interviewing media workers
Example: ＜在編輯方針下的新聞工作者＞

3. Political economy of media
A theoretical approach which emphasizes the importance of combining political and economic analysis in understanding media.

3.1. Two main aspects: ownership and regulation

3.2. Aspect I: Who owns the media?

3.3. Aspect II: The business environment for media is less a market environment than a series of complex regulation.

4. A case study: Hong Kong's broadcasting system

4.1. History
-Government's strict control of wireless broadcasting (1928-1959)
-1949: The first commercial cable radio
-1959: The first license of commercial (wireless) radio
-2005: Two commercial radio licenses
在競爭中發展的廣播事業

4.2. Governing structure
-Regulatory body: Hong Kong Broadcasting authority
-Policy body: Commerce, Industry and Technology Bureau
-Final approval: Chief Executive and Executive Council

4.3. Regulation
-Restricting rather than facilitating the market
-Expensive license fee ($3 million each year)
-License is subject to renewal

5. Some politico-economic features of Hong Kong media

5.1. Capital intensive sector

5.2. State-led monopoly

5.3. Highly regulated media market

5.4. Corporatization of technological development
-Example I: Cable TV
-Example II: Wireless internet

[Week 10: Nov 4] B3. Representation, experience and social context

1. Different questions
1.1. Representation analysis: the pattern of textual meanings
Example: What is the hidden meaning of the advertisments about automobile? What is the cultural codes?

1.2. Study of experience: the regularities of subjectivities/identities in culture
Example: How did people live with shopping malls? How did children consume Barbie doll?

1.3. How about the relationship between subjectivity/identities and cultural text?

2. Laura Mulvey's question
2.1. " This paper intends to use psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud 1856-1939) to discover where and how the fascination of film is reinforced by pre-existing patterns of fascination already at work within the individual subject and the social formations."

-What is the relationship between film and society?
-What is the relationship between cinema and society?
-The social relations within cinema <====>The social relations in human world
-The gender relations within cinema <====> The gender relations in the society

2.2. Psychoanalytical approach to culture: Culture as forms of unconscious (repressed, hidden, displaced)

3. What is unconscious?

3.1. Human mind is separated into two parts, conscious and unconscious

3.2. Rational being?
Human being is not only characterized as rational being. Instead a large part of human mind is non-rational.

3.3. Unconscious(無意識):
The aspect (or alleged aspect) of the mind of which we are not directly conscious or aware.

3.4. Libido(力比多)
The energy or drive of desire (mainly related to sex) which perpetuates the expression and movement of unconscious.
















3.5. Id, ego and superego
3.5.1. Id (本我)
-It contains the instincts which originate from the bodily organization.
-It is the realm of the illogical and inaccessible part of our personality.
-It is the unconscious part of self perpetuated by libido
-It is known by condensation, displacement, symbolizaton and hallucinatory wish fulfilment.

3.5.3. Super-ego(超我)
-Moral and external imperatives
-An ideal self

3.5.3. Ego (自我)
-The principle of pleasure (sexual): self-preservation
-The principle of avoiding pain (a defense mechanism)
-Resisting external pressures, Adapting to the rules, Postponing satisfcation

4. Feminist appropriation of psychoanalysis
4.1. Male ego and female figure
4.1.1. Male ego: phallic self and order
4.1.2. Female figure: a threat of castration (an external imperative)
4.1.3. The maintenance of the male/phallic order and pleasure:
-Castration anxiety
-maintaining male ego as subject
-making women an object (sex object) without threat

4.2. Male gaze: Scopophilia（偷窺癖）
4.2.1. Displacing self-satisfaction of desire into sexual desire for woman as sex object
4.2.2. Cinema provides an institution and cultural form for satisfying male ego's desire
4.2.3. Mirror image theory (Jacque Lacan 1901-1981)
-Pleasure from visual image and identification
-Identification through symbolic order
-The establishment of ego

4.2.3. Male as a subject: Look
4.2.4. Female as an object: to be looked at.
4.2.5. Libido is channelled into visual pleasure

4.3. Representation
4.3.1. Unconscious works like language: male's economy of libido and symbolic order
4.3.2. Male protagonists are portrayed as a figure men identify themselves with.
4.3.3. Female protagonists are portrayed as a figure to be looked at by male protagonists and male viewers.
4.3.4. Narrative movment is a process of satisfying male ego's desire.

5. Implications for cultural studies
5.1.Spectatorship
-Who are watching (or listening to)?
-Whom do the audience watch and listen to?
-What do the they watch and listen?
-In what way do they watch or listen?
Example I: Watching a movie in cinema theatre and on computer screen are different
Example II: Adult gaze

5.2. Pleasure in culture
5.2.1. Textual analysis fails to take account of pleasure
5.2.2. Most people find popular culture pleasurable.
5.2.3. How to analyze pleasure (unpleasure)?
5.2.4. Audience research
5.2.5. Example: How to read the cultural jammings against Tung?

5.3. Structures of Experience
5.3.1. How to take account of experience as structure?
5.3.2. Structure as regularities
5.3.3. Structure as unconscious operation and gender-sexual dynamics
5.3.4. Structure as identity formation
5.3.5. Example: the experience of bashing Yanyi
-Snow white (as a fantasized object of innocence for men)-->Yanyi (as a threatening subject of lack)-->Yanyi as a target (aggression object)
-Men's anxiety over the external stimuli created by women

5.4. Textual analysis and ethnography
5.4.1. The structural and institutional relationship between textual features and social experience
5.4.2.Methodological pluralism